Preposition, are those words, which are used before a noun or pronoun and denotes the relation between the noun/ pronoun and the other part of the sentence.
E.g
E.g
Between - Among Beside - Besides For - Since
Across- Through On- Upon On- Over
In- Into In - Within By - With
Before - In front of At - In In spite of - despite
-Among is used in reference to the association with or in company of more than two.
- Between can be used in reference to more than two when we talk about a definite number of the people etc no matter there are two or more things / persons or when we talk about mutual relationship // co- operation etc.
e.g-
1- There is a tournament to be played between India, Australia and New Zealand.
2-There is an alliance between the three European Nations.
-'Between is followed by 'and'.
e.g-
1-The meeting will be held Between 10 am and p m
-'Between ...... and' takes Objective case of Pronoun .
e.g
1- There is no enmity between him and me (not He & I)
-Plural noun / pronoun comes with "Between"
e,g-
1- Between the countries
2- Between the studentss
3- Between them
4- Between us
- Each/ Every cannot be used after 'Between'
e,g-
1-Between each boy ❎
2- Between every girl ❎
3- There are ten millimetres between each centimetre ❎
-Amongst and Among means the same though slightly different from each other
1- Amongst comes before 'The'
e.g There was no co-operation amongst the boys
2-Among is used before consonant sound, while amongst is used before vowel sound.
e.g- a-among them.{'them' starts consonant sound}
b amongst us {'us; start vowel sound}
however in modern English, we do not follow this rule. Wherever 'amongst' goes with rhythm of the sentence ,we use ' amongst'
-Amid/ Amidst is used for more two . The difference here is the same as above. 'Amid/Amidst' can be used uncountable nouns too.
e.g- 1- The bill was passed amid pandemonium.
-2- You are sitting amidst us and talking against us.
2.- Beside and besides
adjacent apart from
e.g-1- He sat beside me
2- Besides his children his nephews and nieces were also present at the ceremony
3- For and Since
Denotes period of time denotes point of the times
e.g-1- I have eaten nothing for a long time.
2- She has been living here for ten years.
3- I have been living here Since 2009/
Since, is also used to denotes 'reason'
e.g - Since I was unwell , I didn't take the test.
'since' , because' and as are not followed by so/therefore/ that's why.
Since.......... ✔ As/ because / Since........ so/ therefore / that's why❎
As..........✔
Because............✔
NOTE- As you sow, so you shall reap ( a phrase where as is followed by so)
For- Indicates the purpose.
e.g- The police is for our safety.
4- Across Through
from one to the other side Via (medium)/Indicates movement
one end to the other end.
I swam across the river 1- The message was conveyed to me by him through her.
2- The train passed through the tunnel.
-Across has two other meanings too-
(a) on the opposite side
e.g- He is waiting for me across the road.
(b) Both sides
e.g- A tree fell across the railway line that caused accident.
1- when i was going to college, I suddenly came across my childhood friend ❎
Note- Come across means to meet suddenly or by chance . Hence suddenly or by chance cannot come with come across.
2- With cannot be used with come across
e.g - I came across with him.❎
i came across him✔
5- On Upon
e.g the book is on the table {placed in contact]
the cat jumped upon the rat {in motion}
6- Over
Motion or position higher than but no physical contact
e.g- The fan is over my bed. {no physical contact}
so as to cover the whole surface no matter whether there is physical contact or not.
e,g- The bridge was built over the river.
Put a blanket over the baby
7- Over Under
Over and under respectively indicate placed higher or below something
e.g There is a fan over your bed
A cat is sitting under the table.
8 In Into
e,g We are sitting in the classroom. {located inside or within]
The bod jumped into the river {indicates entry or insertion}
Note- Into is not used with enter as the sentence becomes superfluous.
E.g 1 He entered into the room.{Remove into}
2 He threw the ball into the well. (use in place of into)
Note- Enter into any any agreement / alliance, & enter on/ upon(to undertake) is correct.
9- On time In time
on scheduled time in the given time span
e.g 1- we reached the examination centre in time.
2- The examination starts on time.
3- We thought that the train would be late but it arrived exactly in/on time. ( on is the appropriate preposition here)
10- By With
Indicates the doer Indicates the means / equipment.
e.g- 1 The paper was signed by him with a Parker pen in black ink.
2- The snake was killed by him with a stick.
3- You cannot catch a big fish with a small rod.
11- Before In front of
In advance/ at an earlier time directly before or ahead of
.e.g-1 I came before you.
2- India raised the issue of cross- border terrorism before the U.N.
3- Don''t park your car in front of my gate.
12- At In
Used with a relatively smaller place Used with a relatively bigger place
e.g- I live at Mukherjee Nager in Delhi.
13- In spite of despite
Regardless of / notwithstanding/ nevertheless
e.g - In spite of working hard he failed.
Note Do not use of with despite. Despite and in spite of mean the same.
.e.g- despite being rich, he is not happy.
14- By In
Mode of transportation takes Indicates within limits/ inclusion.
Preposition when it comes
with go/ come/ travel/ arrive etc
e.g- 1- I am sitting in the car.✔
2- I am going in car.❎
3- I am going by car.✔
On foot means walking.
e,g- I go to paramount on foot.
15-Exact time(hour) month year day date
at in in on on
e.g I reached Delhi at 7 o' clock
in may
on Monday
in 2005
on 7th September.
- 'Át ' is used with the following
at dawn, at dusk, at day break, at sunrise, at noon, at sunset, at night, at midnight, etc.:
Note- In is used with morning/ evening . If date / day is mentioned with morning/ evening, On comes before the date/ day.
e.g- 1- In the morning.
2- In the evening
3- On Sunday morning.
4- On the evening of May , the 2nd .
-Today,tomorrow, yesterday , the following day, the next day, yesterday evening, yesterday afternoon, last night , this morning , this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow morning, tomorrow evening do not take preposition before them.
e-g- He will go there on tomorrow. (remove on)
They arrived here on last night ( remove on )
16- After (later in tme or place ) and Before (preceding in time)
e-g- HE came to India after a long time.
I left America before Christmas.
17- Till/ untill is used for 'Point of time'. They are usually interchangeable and till is not the contracted from of until. Till is rather the older form.
e.g- The Government will not pass any bill until/till next session.
18- By is used for point of time as preposition of time.
e.g- We shall have finished the syllabus by the end of the next month
19- During denotes
e.g- During the strike, many people died.
- Up Down Upto
⬆ ⬇ ㅜ
e.g- He climbed up the tree.
He ran down the stairs.
Children can get free education upto the age of 14.(upto indicates extension as far as specific place)
- A few other prepositions-
- To denotes destination.e-g 1-ram is going to college
2- send him to school.
-Towards denotes in the direction of
e.g- He is going towards the college
-For can indicate goal or destination too.
e.g- He is leaving for America tonight.
- along-In the line matching the length or the direction of /parallel.
e.g- I walked along the railway line.
He walks along the road. (not on the road)
-Along with-Together with someone or something.
e.g- Come along with me.
-Against-
1- In opposition to/ contrary to.
e.g- It is difficult to sail against he current.
2- In contact with
e.g don not stand against the railing. You may fall down.
-Onto
e-g He jumped onto his horse and rode away.
-with
Indicates combination, , accompaniment or addition;.
e-g I am with you through thick and thin.
-Beyond
Out of the reach or sphere of
e.g- The case is beyond the jurisdiction of the court.
-About .
- a Concerning
e.g- I know about him.
-b Approximately
e.g- It is about 100 kilometres away from Delhi.
c-about +infinitive (To indicate Intention to do action)
e-g i am going to start a new lesson now.
The minister is to deliver a speech.
-Above - Means to a higher position than a level / standard / mark. Below is the opposite of above.
e.g- The river is flowing above the danger level.
-His English is below average.
- The selling price of every commodity in the multiplex is above MRP.
- The score was below hundred when the team lost its last wicket.
- OF
a- Indicates belonging to/ possession for non- living things
e.g 1- Table's wood❎
2- Chair's leg❎
3- wood of table✔
4- leg of chair✔
b- Indicates Origin
eg 1- He comes of a royal family.
c- Reason
- die of disease.
- die from reason.
e-g He died of cancer.
He died from thirst.
d- Indicates characteristics
e-g The problems of Delhi.
-OFF- Indicates physical separation.
e.g- Keep the dog off the flower beds.
-Behind-In, towards the back or later in time.
e.g The police are running behind the thief
She hid behind the curtain.
The train was behind time.
-More about Preposition
a- Objective case comes after a preposition.
e.g I do not depend on him
↳ preposition ↳Objective case
She relies on me
↳prep. ↳Objective case
➤ If two verbs/ adjectives etc take two different prepositions, we must mentions both the prepositions , we cannot simply use one preposition with the last verb/ adjective.
e-g I was surprised at as well as pleased with her performance.
She was conscious of and engaged in her work.
He is senior and older than i.. (Use to after senior)
His watch is different and cheaper than mine.( use from after different)
She is younger and taller than her brother. (✔)
➤To is followed by v1 in case Infinitive but when to is used as a preposition , it is followed by v1+ing , if a verb comes after the preposition.
e.g- He is afraid to do anything against his boss.
↳ to+v1
He is afraid of going out after sunset.
↳ v1+ing
Note- The following phrases and in to and are followed by Ing form of a verb.
Question based on these phrases are generally asked.
Be used to , accustomed to, averse to, with a view to, addicted to, devoted to, in addition to, look forward to , object to, owing to, given to, taken to, prone to.
e.g- I am looking forward to going to London.
↳ V1+ing
➤ No Preposition is used before 'home' , if any following verbs is used.
Bring, go, come,arrive, reach , get.
(i) went home by car.
Note- If possessive adjective or a noun with an apostrophe is used before 'home',to is used before Home only when specific verbs are used. (Not arrive and reach)
e-g- I went to his home.
I decided to go to Ram's home
➤Stress,emphasise, investigate, comprise, accompany, consider, violate, pervade, precede, succeed, invade, resist, enter , eschew, direct, join , sign, affect, ensure, board, discuss, describe, reach order, tell, demand, attack, control, resemble and ridicule, are not followed by any preposition if they are used in active voice.
e.g- The teacher emphasised on the need pf discipline in life. {drop 'on'}
I have ordered for a cup of tea.[ drop 'for'}
I shall discuss about the problem with you. {Drop about}
HE described/ about the incident/ in his story/ no error (remove about)
➤to should not be used with the following verbs when followed by an object. Such verbs are- advise , tell , ask , beg , command, encourage , request, inform, thank, welcome, warn, forbid , order, remind, congratulate , compliment.
e-g- I advised to him to go {drop to}
I informed to the police of the accident. {drop to}
I was told to postpone the meeting.✔
➤To is used after say , suggest, propose, speak, reply , explain, complain, talk,listen, write, report, pray, and describe if the object is a person.
e.g - You suggested to him that he should leave the place.
She said to me that she would help em.
He did not reply to me.
➤ Object of the verbs {direct object / indirect object } in the following cases, decides, the preposition that follows the verb. such verbs are-Furnish, Entrust, Present, provide supply etc.
e.g- I provided him money.
I provided him with money.✔
or
I provided money to him.✔
(ii) Compensate, explain ,fine, Propose, Recommend, rob, suggest take preposition according to the object of the sentence.
e-g Rob a person of something.
we informed the police of an accident.
I explained the matter to him.
He robbed her of her jewellery.
➤some phrase Preposition
(1)According to- as stated by
e.g According to the terms and conditions, he will have to finish it in two days.
(2)-By dint of- by force of
e.g- I passed the exam by dint of hard work.
(3) In case of- in the event of
e.g- In case of emergency, call 100
(4)by virtue of- by the authority of
e.g- The judge can pass the order by virtue of his power.
(5) Owing to- due to
Owing to means due to but there are a few differences.
a- a sentence should start with owing to and not due to.
e-g due to heavy rains, I could not come. x
Owing to heavy rain, I could not come. ✓
Hower this rule is important as fara as modern English is concerned.
E.g
- There is a cat sitting under the table.
- We need a roof over us.
- I go to school by bus
E.g
- Who was he talking to?
- he does not have a pen to write with
Between - Among Beside - Besides For - Since
Across- Through On- Upon On- Over
In- Into In - Within By - With
Before - In front of At - In In spite of - despite
-Among is used in reference to the association with or in company of more than two.
E.g-
- A lot of co-operation is needed BETWEEN the different states to combat Naxalism
⬇
AMONG
2. The teacher distributed sweets among them.
3. Alms were distributed among the beggars.
-Between is used in reference to the association of two.
E.g
1-The match will be among India and Australia
⬇
Between - Between can be used in reference to more than two when we talk about a definite number of the people etc no matter there are two or more things / persons or when we talk about mutual relationship // co- operation etc.
e.g-
1- There is a tournament to be played between India, Australia and New Zealand.
2-There is an alliance between the three European Nations.
-'Between is followed by 'and'.
e.g-
1-The meeting will be held Between 10 am and p m
-'Between ...... and' takes Objective case of Pronoun .
e.g
1- There is no enmity between him and me (not He & I)
-Plural noun / pronoun comes with "Between"
e,g-
1- Between the countries
2- Between the studentss
3- Between them
4- Between us
- Each/ Every cannot be used after 'Between'
e,g-
1-Between each boy ❎
2- Between every girl ❎
3- There are ten millimetres between each centimetre ❎
-Amongst and Among means the same though slightly different from each other
1- Amongst comes before 'The'
e.g There was no co-operation amongst the boys
2-Among is used before consonant sound, while amongst is used before vowel sound.
e.g- a-among them.{'them' starts consonant sound}
b amongst us {'us; start vowel sound}
however in modern English, we do not follow this rule. Wherever 'amongst' goes with rhythm of the sentence ,we use ' amongst'
-Amid/ Amidst is used for more two . The difference here is the same as above. 'Amid/Amidst' can be used uncountable nouns too.
e.g- 1- The bill was passed amid pandemonium.
-2- You are sitting amidst us and talking against us.
2.- Beside and besides
adjacent apart from
e.g-1- He sat beside me
2- Besides his children his nephews and nieces were also present at the ceremony
3- For and Since
Denotes period of time denotes point of the times
e.g-1- I have eaten nothing for a long time.
2- She has been living here for ten years.
3- I have been living here Since 2009/
Since, is also used to denotes 'reason'
e.g - Since I was unwell , I didn't take the test.
'since' , because' and as are not followed by so/therefore/ that's why.
Since.......... ✔ As/ because / Since........ so/ therefore / that's why❎
As..........✔
Because............✔
NOTE- As you sow, so you shall reap ( a phrase where as is followed by so)
For- Indicates the purpose.
e.g- The police is for our safety.
4- Across Through
from one to the other side Via (medium)/Indicates movement
one end to the other end.
I swam across the river 1- The message was conveyed to me by him through her.
2- The train passed through the tunnel.
-Across has two other meanings too-
(a) on the opposite side
e.g- He is waiting for me across the road.
(b) Both sides
e.g- A tree fell across the railway line that caused accident.
1- when i was going to college, I suddenly came across my childhood friend ❎
Note- Come across means to meet suddenly or by chance . Hence suddenly or by chance cannot come with come across.
2- With cannot be used with come across
e.g - I came across with him.❎
i came across him✔
5- On Upon
e.g the book is on the table {placed in contact]
the cat jumped upon the rat {in motion}
6- Over
Motion or position higher than but no physical contact
e.g- The fan is over my bed. {no physical contact}
so as to cover the whole surface no matter whether there is physical contact or not.
e,g- The bridge was built over the river.
Put a blanket over the baby
7- Over Under
Over and under respectively indicate placed higher or below something
e.g There is a fan over your bed
A cat is sitting under the table.
8 In Into
e,g We are sitting in the classroom. {located inside or within]
The bod jumped into the river {indicates entry or insertion}
Note- Into is not used with enter as the sentence becomes superfluous.
E.g 1 He entered into the room.{Remove into}
2 He threw the ball into the well. (use in place of into)
Note- Enter into any any agreement / alliance, & enter on/ upon(to undertake) is correct.
9- On time In time
on scheduled time in the given time span
e.g 1- we reached the examination centre in time.
2- The examination starts on time.
3- We thought that the train would be late but it arrived exactly in/on time. ( on is the appropriate preposition here)
10- By With
Indicates the doer Indicates the means / equipment.
e.g- 1 The paper was signed by him with a Parker pen in black ink.
2- The snake was killed by him with a stick.
3- You cannot catch a big fish with a small rod.
11- Before In front of
In advance/ at an earlier time directly before or ahead of
.e.g-1 I came before you.
2- India raised the issue of cross- border terrorism before the U.N.
3- Don''t park your car in front of my gate.
12- At In
Used with a relatively smaller place Used with a relatively bigger place
e.g- I live at Mukherjee Nager in Delhi.
13- In spite of despite
Regardless of / notwithstanding/ nevertheless
e.g - In spite of working hard he failed.
Note Do not use of with despite. Despite and in spite of mean the same.
.e.g- despite being rich, he is not happy.
14- By In
Mode of transportation takes Indicates within limits/ inclusion.
Preposition when it comes
with go/ come/ travel/ arrive etc
e.g- 1- I am sitting in the car.✔
2- I am going in car.❎
3- I am going by car.✔
On foot means walking.
e,g- I go to paramount on foot.
15-Exact time(hour) month year day date
at in in on on
e.g I reached Delhi at 7 o' clock
in may
on Monday
in 2005
on 7th September.
- 'Át ' is used with the following
at dawn, at dusk, at day break, at sunrise, at noon, at sunset, at night, at midnight, etc.:
Note- In is used with morning/ evening . If date / day is mentioned with morning/ evening, On comes before the date/ day.
e.g- 1- In the morning.
2- In the evening
3- On Sunday morning.
4- On the evening of May , the 2nd .
-Today,tomorrow, yesterday , the following day, the next day, yesterday evening, yesterday afternoon, last night , this morning , this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow morning, tomorrow evening do not take preposition before them.
e-g- He will go there on tomorrow. (remove on)
They arrived here on last night ( remove on )
16- After (later in tme or place ) and Before (preceding in time)
e-g- HE came to India after a long time.
I left America before Christmas.
17- Till/ untill is used for 'Point of time'. They are usually interchangeable and till is not the contracted from of until. Till is rather the older form.
e.g- The Government will not pass any bill until/till next session.
18- By is used for point of time as preposition of time.
e.g- We shall have finished the syllabus by the end of the next month
19- During denotes
e.g- During the strike, many people died.
- Up Down Upto
⬆ ⬇ ㅜ
e.g- He climbed up the tree.
He ran down the stairs.
Children can get free education upto the age of 14.(upto indicates extension as far as specific place)
- A few other prepositions-
- To denotes destination.e-g 1-ram is going to college
2- send him to school.
-Towards denotes in the direction of
e.g- He is going towards the college
-For can indicate goal or destination too.
e.g- He is leaving for America tonight.
- along-In the line matching the length or the direction of /parallel.
e.g- I walked along the railway line.
He walks along the road. (not on the road)
-Along with-Together with someone or something.
e.g- Come along with me.
-Against-
1- In opposition to/ contrary to.
e.g- It is difficult to sail against he current.
2- In contact with
e.g don not stand against the railing. You may fall down.
-Onto
e-g He jumped onto his horse and rode away.
-with
Indicates combination, , accompaniment or addition;.
e-g I am with you through thick and thin.
-Beyond
Out of the reach or sphere of
e.g- The case is beyond the jurisdiction of the court.
-About .
- a Concerning
e.g- I know about him.
-b Approximately
e.g- It is about 100 kilometres away from Delhi.
c-about +infinitive (To indicate Intention to do action)
e-g i am going to start a new lesson now.
The minister is to deliver a speech.
-Above - Means to a higher position than a level / standard / mark. Below is the opposite of above.
e.g- The river is flowing above the danger level.
-His English is below average.
- The selling price of every commodity in the multiplex is above MRP.
- The score was below hundred when the team lost its last wicket.
- OF
a- Indicates belonging to/ possession for non- living things
e.g 1- Table's wood❎
2- Chair's leg❎
3- wood of table✔
4- leg of chair✔
b- Indicates Origin
eg 1- He comes of a royal family.
c- Reason
- die of disease.
- die from reason.
e-g He died of cancer.
He died from thirst.
d- Indicates characteristics
e-g The problems of Delhi.
-OFF- Indicates physical separation.
e.g- Keep the dog off the flower beds.
-Behind-In, towards the back or later in time.
e.g The police are running behind the thief
She hid behind the curtain.
The train was behind time.
-More about Preposition
a- Objective case comes after a preposition.
e.g I do not depend on him
↳ preposition ↳Objective case
She relies on me
↳prep. ↳Objective case
➤ If two verbs/ adjectives etc take two different prepositions, we must mentions both the prepositions , we cannot simply use one preposition with the last verb/ adjective.
e-g I was surprised at as well as pleased with her performance.
She was conscious of and engaged in her work.
He is senior and older than i.. (Use to after senior)
His watch is different and cheaper than mine.( use from after different)
She is younger and taller than her brother. (✔)
➤To is followed by v1 in case Infinitive but when to is used as a preposition , it is followed by v1+ing , if a verb comes after the preposition.
e.g- He is afraid to do anything against his boss.
↳ to+v1
He is afraid of going out after sunset.
↳ v1+ing
Note- The following phrases and in to and are followed by Ing form of a verb.
Question based on these phrases are generally asked.
Be used to , accustomed to, averse to, with a view to, addicted to, devoted to, in addition to, look forward to , object to, owing to, given to, taken to, prone to.
e.g- I am looking forward to going to London.
↳ V1+ing
➤ No Preposition is used before 'home' , if any following verbs is used.
Bring, go, come,arrive, reach , get.
(i) went home by car.
Note- If possessive adjective or a noun with an apostrophe is used before 'home',to is used before Home only when specific verbs are used. (Not arrive and reach)
e-g- I went to his home.
I decided to go to Ram's home
➤Stress,emphasise, investigate, comprise, accompany, consider, violate, pervade, precede, succeed, invade, resist, enter , eschew, direct, join , sign, affect, ensure, board, discuss, describe, reach order, tell, demand, attack, control, resemble and ridicule, are not followed by any preposition if they are used in active voice.
e.g- The teacher emphasised on the need pf discipline in life. {drop 'on'}
I have ordered for a cup of tea.[ drop 'for'}
I shall discuss about the problem with you. {Drop about}
HE described/ about the incident/ in his story/ no error (remove about)
➤to should not be used with the following verbs when followed by an object. Such verbs are- advise , tell , ask , beg , command, encourage , request, inform, thank, welcome, warn, forbid , order, remind, congratulate , compliment.
e-g- I advised to him to go {drop to}
I informed to the police of the accident. {drop to}
I was told to postpone the meeting.✔
➤To is used after say , suggest, propose, speak, reply , explain, complain, talk,listen, write, report, pray, and describe if the object is a person.
e.g - You suggested to him that he should leave the place.
She said to me that she would help em.
He did not reply to me.
➤ Object of the verbs {direct object / indirect object } in the following cases, decides, the preposition that follows the verb. such verbs are-Furnish, Entrust, Present, provide supply etc.
e.g- I provided him money.
I provided him with money.✔
or
I provided money to him.✔
(ii) Compensate, explain ,fine, Propose, Recommend, rob, suggest take preposition according to the object of the sentence.
e-g Rob a person of something.
we informed the police of an accident.
I explained the matter to him.
He robbed her of her jewellery.
➤some phrase Preposition
(1)According to- as stated by
e.g According to the terms and conditions, he will have to finish it in two days.
(2)-By dint of- by force of
e.g- I passed the exam by dint of hard work.
(3) In case of- in the event of
e.g- In case of emergency, call 100
(4)by virtue of- by the authority of
e.g- The judge can pass the order by virtue of his power.
(5) Owing to- due to
Owing to means due to but there are a few differences.
a- a sentence should start with owing to and not due to.
e-g due to heavy rains, I could not come. x
Owing to heavy rain, I could not come. ✓
Hower this rule is important as fara as modern English is concerned.
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